Stem cells essay only that, but use of EG cells confuses stem cell research with the debate over abortion, bring up the risk of biasing emotions McDonald 7. Cell Stem Cell Stem Cell Research. Retrieved October 5,from Proquest database. Mixed-ethnicity children could also stand to benefit, since this population often experiences difficulty finding genetically compatible donors for organs or bone marrow Peterson Kant believed that humans should act, stem cells essay, at all times, as if their individual actions would have consequences for all of society. Given the nature of the issue at hand, these latter concerns clearly are not irrelevant.
Stem Cells
March 27, stem cells essay, shtml Thomson, James a. Yamanaka, Shinya, et al. November 30, stem cells essay hat are the potential uses of human stem cells? February 20, asp Cells that have the ability to develop into other types of cells are called pluripotent cells. The 'adult' stem cells can be derived from children as well as adults. The term 'adult' refers to the mature stage of their development when the unspecialized cells have transformed into specialized cells which are designed to perform specific functions. Very recent research has shown that….
Works Cited About Stem Cells. January, htm Ethics, Moral Values, and U, stem cells essay. Conclusion This Technology Should Be egulated and Controlled by Government There is not really much argument that stem cell research, regardless of its origin as embryonic or otherwise should be controlled to some degree by the government as the development of this research demonstrates a potential for abuse that is startling and could essentially be highly abused. The abuse of this type of research would likely be sourced in the desire of scientists to make more rapid breakthroughs in the development of treatments for diseases and injuries that human kind has found particularly devastating and extremely hard to treat with stem cells essay real success.
Yet, it is clear that a rush to breakthroughs has often caused devastating effects in and of itself and that controls are needed, to create at least a moderate ethical consensus to control the potential pitfalls of progress. Though as has been noted previously there is much…. References Campbell, M. Kaplan, K, stem cells essay. November 05, Scientists to congress: Pass the stem cell law while you still can, Los Angeles Times Web. Undifferentiated ethics. Scientific American, 3 Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Meyer, stem cells essay, M.
The national individual health insurance mandate. Hastings Center Report, 40 5 In utilitarianism, the focus is on outcomes, or the ends of an action; in deontology the actions themselves must be ethical and moral, stem cells essay, or the outcome is moot. Deontology argues that there are norms and truths that are universal for all humans; actions then have a predisposition to right or wrong, moral or immoral. Kant believed that humans should act, at all times, stem cells essay if their individual actions would have consequences for all of society. Morality, stem cells essay, then, is based on rational thought and is the direction most humans innately want.
Roughly, deontology is "the means justify the ends" Kamm. Thus, one must ask first if the definition of human life begins at conception, and if those groupings of cells constitute legal and moral protections. Then, depending on the answer, one must decide; do the tremendous benefits already proven by science constitute a reason to continue research -- the alleviation of…, stem cells essay. Works Cited Beauchaine, J. The Village Voice. December Espo, D. The Washington Post. Haydn, P. The Philosophy of Human Rights. New York: Paragon Press, Stem cells essay Hinxton Group. Unlike any specific adult cell, embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell, and can proliferate indefinitely in culture Embryonic pp.
Using fourteen blastocysts obtained from donated, surplus embryos produced by in vitro fertilization, James Thomson and a group of University of isconsin biologists established five independent stem cell lines in Novemberthe first time human embryonic stem cells had been successfully isolated and cultured Embryonic pp. The embryos used in the work were originally produced to treat infertility and were specifically donated to the project with the informed consent of donor couples Embryonic pp. Embryonic stem cells are of greatest interest due to their ability to develop into virtually any other cell produced by the human body, thus in theory, "if stem cells can be grown and their development directed in culture, it would be possible to grow cells of medical….
Works Cited Group Calls for Stem Cell Research Rules. This means that while there are tremendous amounts of promise. The preferred method of embryotic cells is still the most utilized approach. However, in the future this could change dramatically. The reason why is because scientists have been aggressively pursuing this method. This is based on the fact that there are no ethical issues when conducting this kind of research and there is a possibility of having a major breakthrough. In the future, this will lead to many scientists focusing on this approach over using embryos. The biggest reasons are it does not have the controversy stem cells essay it can deliver the same results.
Once this happens, is when there will be shift in the debate about stem cells essay among both sides, stem cells essay. Yidrim,pp. References Chad, C. Derivation of Embryotic Stem Cells Lines. New England Journal of Medicine,-- Pence, G. Recreating Medicine, stem cells essay. Plymouth: Rowan and Littlefield. Plunkett, J. Plunkett's Advertising and Branding. Houston, TX: Plunkett Research. Qingyun, M. Derivation of Human Embryotic Stem Cells, 17, -- For this reason, people with grave diseases and disabilities argue that Bush needs to change his stance. It is important that the government make every effort to expand the current policy so that federal funds will be available for more embryonic stem cell lines.
Basically, the controversy over stem cells involves just one specific type of research -- research using stem cells from human embryos Fox, Currently, these types of stem cells are taken from frozen embryos left over in fertility clinics, but they can also be made using the same stem cells essay technology that created the infamous Dolly…. References Neergaard, Laurie. April 26, Master Cell' Research Spurs Debate. Associated Press, stem cells essay. Medical Health Encyclopedia. Stem cell research. Feinstein, Dianne. Senator Feinstein's Embryonic Stem Cell Research Petition.
Fox, Maggie. May 19, Stem cell stem cells essay head for showdown in U. Protecting the rights of the one and sacrificing the lives of many is a sensitive subject, especially when the sides cannot even agree upon whether or not the one should have rights or not. It would seem that the establishment of researching guidelines that prevents the harming of a subject, for research purposes, has set a precedent, and that this violates right to know laws, as there is no informed consent from the embryo. This protocol is completely absent, stem cells essay.
The promises of embryonic stem cell research are great though. However, would science be able to live up to these promises? At what point is it playing at God? At what point are doctors doing no harm? At what point do physicians and scientists waiver the rights of what may or may not be human beings? At what stem cells essay is the cure of disease so great that the moral scales tip…. References Advanced cell technology. Retrieved October 5,from Proquest database. Do no harm, stem cells essay. No date. Dunlop, E. Stem cell hope for heart patients. The Yorkshire Post.
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Stem cell science is thus drawn into the ongoing, highly divisive wars over abortion and the culture of life that have occupied a central stage in American law and politics over the last 30 years" Stem cell research is thus a highly partisan issue, and it is likely to remain that way over the foreseeable future. Again, this is because the real points of contention that surround the issue surpass the scope of science or even reason more generally; they touch on people's fundamental beliefs about what it means to be human. For example:. Both positions would be cogent within the context of their own assumptions; and it would be difficult if not impossible to rationally discredit either set of assumptions. Need an essay arguing this point? Ultius can help! In addition, it is worth pointing out that even adult stem cell research is controversial, insofar as stem cell research in general has the potential to lead to human cloning.
The basic point here would be that human beings are engaging with a dangerous power that may be intimately connected with the very origins of life itself. If there were no God, then there would naturally be no problem with human beings pushing their knowledge to the limits. On the other hand, if one did believe in God, then it would be possible to argue that stem cell research is an attempt by humans to usurp His role. As with the morality of the destruction of embryos, this question can be expected to remain open for a quite long time. In summary, this essay has provided a historical and scientific overview of the issue of stem cell research.
It began with an introduction to the issue, proceeded to discuss the scientific and political history of the issue, and finally reflected on the current situation regarding the issue. One of the main points that has emerged here and throughout research paper writing on the subject is that although stem cell research clearly has a great deal of potential for catalyzing medical breakthroughs, the research agenda has been limited to at least some extent by legislative barriers based on moral concerns. Given the nature of the issue at hand, these latter concerns clearly are not irrelevant.
Moreover, it could even be suggested that without the barriers, certain recent scientific innovations such as those pertaining to adult stem cells may not have come about. In general, then, it is perhaps a good idea for stem cell research to proceed in the cautious and pragmatic way that it has thus far. American Medical Association. Bongso, Ariff, and Mark Richards. Lovell-Badge, Robin. Research America. Robertson, John A. Science Progress. Wertz, D. Ultius, Inc. Ultius Blog, 02 Jan. Click here for more help with MLA citations.
Sample Essay on Stem Cell Research: A Historical and Scientific Overview. Click here for more help with APA citations. January 02, Click here for more help with CMS citations. Click here for more help with Turabian citations. Ultius is the trusted provider of content solutions and matches customers with highly qualified writers for sample writing, academic editing, and business writing. Ultius is the trusted provider of content solutions for consumers around the world. You read that right —We're giving away free scholarship money! Our next drawing will be held soon. Apply today for your chance to win! Claim Offer. Made in USA Live Chat Chat with us. Ultius New client?
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More info Learn more about us Blog Future writers Explore further. Essay Writing Samples. Sample Essay on Stem Cell Research: A Historical and Scientific Overview Ultius. Select network. html Copy. MLA Style APA Style Chicago Style Turabian. Copied to clipboard Click here for more help with MLA citations. Copied to clipboard Click here for more help with APA citations. Copied to clipboard Click here for more help with CMS citations. while you still can, Los Angeles Times Web. Undifferentiated ethics. Scientific American, 3 , Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Meyer, M. The national individual health insurance mandate.
Hastings Center Report, 40 5 , In utilitarianism, the focus is on outcomes, or the ends of an action; in deontology the actions themselves must be ethical and moral, or the outcome is moot. Deontology argues that there are norms and truths that are universal for all humans; actions then have a predisposition to right or wrong, moral or immoral. Kant believed that humans should act, at all times, as if their individual actions would have consequences for all of society. Morality, then, is based on rational thought and is the direction most humans innately want. Roughly, deontology is "the means justify the ends" Kamm. Thus, one must ask first if the definition of human life begins at conception, and if those groupings of cells constitute legal and moral protections.
Then, depending on the answer, one must decide; do the tremendous benefits already proven by science constitute a reason to continue research -- the alleviation of…. Works Cited Beauchaine, J. The Village Voice. December Espo, D. The Washington Post. Haydn, P. The Philosophy of Human Rights. New York: Paragon Press, The Hinxton Group. Unlike any specific adult cell, embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell, and can proliferate indefinitely in culture Embryonic pp. Using fourteen blastocysts obtained from donated, surplus embryos produced by in vitro fertilization, James Thomson and a group of University of isconsin biologists established five independent stem cell lines in November , the first time human embryonic stem cells had been successfully isolated and cultured Embryonic pp.
The embryos used in the work were originally produced to treat infertility and were specifically donated to the project with the informed consent of donor couples Embryonic pp. Embryonic stem cells are of greatest interest due to their ability to develop into virtually any other cell produced by the human body, thus in theory, "if stem cells can be grown and their development directed in culture, it would be possible to grow cells of medical…. Works Cited Group Calls for Stem Cell Research Rules. This means that while there are tremendous amounts of promise.
The preferred method of embryotic cells is still the most utilized approach. However, in the future this could change dramatically. The reason why is because scientists have been aggressively pursuing this method. This is based on the fact that there are no ethical issues when conducting this kind of research and there is a possibility of having a major breakthrough. In the future, this will lead to many scientists focusing on this approach over using embryos. The biggest reasons are it does not have the controversy and it can deliver the same results.
Once this happens, is when there will be shift in the debate about ethics among both sides. Yidrim, , pp. References Chad, C. Derivation of Embryotic Stem Cells Lines. New England Journal of Medicine, , -- Pence, G. Recreating Medicine. Plymouth: Rowan and Littlefield. Plunkett, J. Plunkett's Advertising and Branding. Houston, TX: Plunkett Research. Qingyun, M. Derivation of Human Embryotic Stem Cells, 17, -- For this reason, people with grave diseases and disabilities argue that Bush needs to change his stance. It is important that the government make every effort to expand the current policy so that federal funds will be available for more embryonic stem cell lines.
Basically, the controversy over stem cells involves just one specific type of research -- research using stem cells from human embryos Fox, Currently, these types of stem cells are taken from frozen embryos left over in fertility clinics, but they can also be made using the same cloning technology that created the infamous Dolly…. References Neergaard, Laurie. April 26, Master Cell' Research Spurs Debate. Associated Press. Medical Health Encyclopedia. Stem cell research. Feinstein, Dianne. Senator Feinstein's Embryonic Stem Cell Research Petition. Fox, Maggie. May 19, Stem cell bills head for showdown in U.
Protecting the rights of the one and sacrificing the lives of many is a sensitive subject, especially when the sides cannot even agree upon whether or not the one should have rights or not. It would seem that the establishment of researching guidelines that prevents the harming of a subject, for research purposes, has set a precedent, and that this violates right to know laws, as there is no informed consent from the embryo. This protocol is completely absent. The promises of embryonic stem cell research are great though. However, would science be able to live up to these promises? At what point is it playing at God? At what point are doctors doing no harm? At what point do physicians and scientists waiver the rights of what may or may not be human beings?
At what point is the cure of disease so great that the moral scales tip…. References Advanced cell technology. Retrieved October 5, , from Proquest database. Do no harm. No date. Dunlop, E. Stem cell hope for heart patients. The Yorkshire Post. Goldman, J. Leukemia: Recent findings from the United States and Scotland illuminate research in leukemia. Stem Cell Week. Stem Cell The recent discovery of stem cell usefulness in helping cure persistent disease and medical problems presents an interesting dilemma for society and those interested in exploring this technology. efore rushing into using this tool, it is my opinion that the defining terms of this topic should be fully understood.
The difference between adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell applications are differing along with the moral and ethical implications that accompany these terms. In order to truly understand this problem this distinction needs to be addressed before answering the question of its value in general terms. Understanding the differences between these two parts of the discussion has led me to take a stance against using embryonic stem cells for research purposes. The use of adult stem cells and the full range of applications that this more humane and kindly approach utilizes seems to best suit the human situation….
Bibliography Mayo Clinic Staff n. Stem cells: What they are and what they do. Mayo Clinic Health Information. Pardal, S. et al. Applying the principles of sten-cell biology to cancer. Nature, 3. pdf Mclaren, A. Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature, pdf National Institutes of Health n. Stem cell Information. The National Institutes of Health Resource for Stem Cell Research. Retrieved from. o this end, scientists are studying the fundamental properties of stem cells, including: determining precisely how stem cells remain unspecialized and self renewing for many years; and identifying the signals that cause stem cells to become specialized cells "Stem Cell Basics". his research will allow them to help the multitude of people afflicted with a variety of diseases.
Stem Cell Application: his is perhaps the most important potential application for human stem cells - the generation of cells and tissues that can be used for cell-based therapies. Approximately Stem cells may be utilized to generate healthy heart muscle cells, for patients with chronic heart disease. Those with diabetes can be helped with stem cell therapy, potentially, as well. For patients suffering from type I diabetes, the pancreatic cells that normally produce insulin for the body, are destroyed by the person's own immune system. Although scientists have only been able to experiment with human embryonic stem cells since , with.
In a talk delivered to the Johns Hopkins Medical Center he stated, " we don't want to let politics, philosophy, and theology intrude on science. Scientists left to themselves may not always make the best ethics decisions Nizza, Further, this is often financially motivated, "with a possible personal financial stake in a biotech company to worry about, for example Nissa. Works Cited Berger, Eleni. July 18, National Institutes of Health. asp whatare Nizza, Suzanne. aspStem-Cell Research. Patients are instead at the mercy of their insurance companies for determining the extent of care they receive and where they receive it. Any patient who wants a procedure or a medication not covered by their plan and any patient whose insurance company denies coverage of certain procedures is forced to foot the bill themselves.
In most cases the bills are outlandish and only the very wealthy could afford to avail themselves of desired services. Global competition makes medical procedures and pharmaceutical interventions available for a wider range of people. The lower price tags on medications and the cheaper surgeries offered by doctors in foreign countries has encouraged patients to seek medical attention abroad rather than in the United States. Because physicians in foreign countries are frequently well-trained, even trained in the United States, patients are becoming more open to medical tourism. Global competition has yet to affect American healthcare…. References Employer-based health care erodes U. global competition: A New America report.
html Herrick, D. Medical tourism: Global competition in health care. NCPA Policy Report No. Retrieved June 24, at. In fact, the Senate in general is more strongly in favor of expanding federal funding for stem cell research. If the current bill passes in the House of Representatives, it will likely not receive the two-thirds majority that would permit an overturning of a Presidential veto. Prominent Republicans, including senator Orrin Hatch of Utah, are strongly in favor of the bill, in direct opposition to the President's position. Although embryonic stem cells can become any human cell or tissue, permitting cell and tissue regeneration, they are harvested from human embryos. It is a small step in the wrong direction to permit taxpayer monies to be diverted to such controversial research.
Permitting an expansion of stem cell research sends the wrong message and creates an ethically ambiguous society. President Bush's assertion that embryonic stem cell research is morally wrong is an admirable stance, especially given the divisiveness the measure is causing…. More research has to be undertaken for increasing our understanding of the tissue growth factors, translation protocols and control parameters to harness the full potential that stem cells therapy has to offer. This, it is hoped, would be realized in the near future with the rapid strides in the biotech field. While embryonic stem cells, considered to be the potential panacea for many deadly diseases is steeped in ethical controversies and awaits further research for its safety, the successful therapy with umbilical cord stem cells is already considered a huge victory.
Further, the promising possibility of a new and novel method of stem cell generation such as Induced pluripotent Stem cells IPSC opens an entirely new dimension for stem cell research offering researchers a source of stem cells which does not have any ethical or moral stigma attached to it. Stem cell therapy could very well change the face of…. pdf Maureen L. Introduction According to statistics, almost everybody today is affected by cancer either directly or indirectly, and everybody knows someone who is suffering from cancer, diabetes, or Alzheimer disease. How about if it was possible to successfully treat these diseases and save lives of our loved ones?
Yes, it is now possible as medical researchers have found out a way to solve these medical conditions. The solution lies with stem cell technology. The most important feature for stem cells as it concerns stem cell therapy is that, they are cells that have not yet been differentiated into a specific type of cell Hu et al. This therefore means there is the potential for doctors to use these cells as replacement for defective cells. Despite the promise that this technology holds for the medical field, it is still at its infancy and successful application is very limited.
This paper presents a…. References Giachino, C. Maintenance of genomic stability in mouse embryonic stem cells: relevance in aging and disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 14 2 , Hu, G. Z facilitates access of active and repressive complexes to chromatin in embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Cell stem cell, 12 2 , Parry, B. Passweg, J. Use of haploidentical stem cell transplantation continues to increase: the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplant activity survey report.
Bone marrow transplantation, 52 6 , Thompson, L. Stem cell transplantation for treatment of sickle cell disease: bone marrow versus cord blood transplants. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 69 15 , Race and gender issues can influence medical treatment as many researchers have shown. The study by Benjamins and Whitman , for example, showed that ethnic and racial discrimination is found in health care settings and results in health care services being limited to certain groups. The types of discrimination cited by the respondents included not receiving the care they required, and not receiving quality of care.
Another study, this one by Grace, Kara, Kennedy and McDonald , found that racial disparities exist in pediatric kidney transplantation. The study took place in New Zealand and focused on what types of patients were most likely to be receive a kidney transplant before others in the same…. References Benjamins, M. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Corbett, J. The rise of eugenics. Racial disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation in New England. Pediatr Transplant, Stem Cell Differentiation The need to restore the lives of the individuals calls for more of transplantation than that which is available. There are fewer organs, which can help in the transplantation process, which means that overdependence on the process makes it to be reliable.
Further, the process may also end up endangering the life of the donator. Transplantation is the only available process that can for the individuals having kidney and lung problems. However, the numbers of individuals who are suffering from kidney and lung failure are always more than those who are ready to supply the needed organs. This calls for an alternative way, which can help in compensating the loss that the individuals face. One of the major alternatives for the process of translation is stem cell differentiation that may occur in any body cell. The stem cells differentiation offer the possibility of a renewable source of…. Reference Wang, J. Functional analysis of transcription factor binding sites in human promoters. Genome Biology, doi Stem cell differentiation and expansion for clinical applications of tissue engineering.
J Cell Mol Med. Gerrard L, Rodgers L, Cui W. Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Neural Lineages in Adherent Culture by Blocking Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Stem Cells Stem cells are a hot topic for the media today because our understanding of them has potential for incredible scientific advances in the field of biotechnology, yet we struggle because there are questions of morality raised by the methods by which they might be used. While in centuries past, it was commonly accepted within the scientific community to vivisect the mentally insane or criminally convicted for the purpose of scientific knowledge, today religious groups are concerned about the fate of single stem cells being used in experiments.
Stem cells have paved the way to cloning and bioengineering of humans, allowing scientists to "bring A sperm and ovum together to create an embryo, harvesting the cells, and then discarding the embryo. Bibliography Bell, H. Stem Cell Ethics Debating the Ethics of Stem Cells The term 'stem cells' can mean different things to different people. For some, it conjures images of medical miracles providing solutions for heart disease, diabetes, and dementia. For others, it terrifies with a future filled with cloned humans. Still others cringe at the thought of mass producing cultured human embryos for the sole purpose of providing organs and tissues for a paying public. As with most complex issues, news media coverage tends to exaggerate easily understood concepts at the expense of the overall truth and the public accordingly remains ignorant of the subtleties surrounding this debate.
This seems to add fuel the emergence of polarized camps and a shrinking of a common middle ground. To better define this middle ground, this essay will discuss both sides of this debate and argue instead that the vast majority of people would likely support…. Works Cited Antiniou, Michael. The author argues that the use of embryonic stem cells for research and medicine poses significant ethical and moral issues that cannot be overcome. Of particular concern is the potential for reproductive cloning, a door that the author believes was opened when the UK government approved the use of embryonic stems cells for research and medicine.
Blow, Nathan. The author presents several issues facing researchers who work with stem cells and discusses why they are important to advancing this field of research. Of primary concern is developing standard protocols for producing stem cells and creating the necessary protocols and reagents that will allow the therapeutic use of stem cells in humans. Leeb, C. The focus of this article is the promises and limitations of embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells, from the perspective of scientists working in this field.
The ethical decisions concerning the use of embryonic stem cells are only mentioned in passing. Power, Carl and Rasko, E. The authors discuss in detail the three main types of stem cell technologies: embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent. Ethical issues are mentioned occasionally, but not discussed. Analysis of the Issues: The ethical concern for the rights and welfare of viable infants is certainly a legitimate concern, but the central ethical analysis that pertains to stem cell research revolves around the issue of defining human life appropriately. Objective criteria like anatomical development, cognitive awareness, and above all, sentience of any degree and in any form are all legitimate bases for the definition of life and for identifying the period of gestation corresponding to the earliest conceivable safeguards necessary to prevent suffering.
On the other hand, purely subjective doctrinal claims without objective criteria of any kind are wholly inappropriate bases for defining scientific concepts like when life begins. The fact that human development varies among individuals and that it may be impossible to know exactly where sentience and other elements of "humanness" first begin in the fetus does not mean that it is impossible to identify periods of…. References Dershowitz, a. Boston: Little Brown, Healy, B. On Health: The Other Stem Cells; U. Hellemans, a. This controversial decision drew all kinds of reactions from different groups on each side of the issue. Some adversaries of hESC research expressed admiration for the decision limiting research to existing cell lines, while others said that no research should be allowed under any circumstances.
Advocates of hESC research, meanwhile, generally praised the president for allowing some research to go forward, but criticized the restriction to existing cell lines as too strict, questioning whether enough research would be allowed. Current U. Stem Cell Policy under President Obama The March 9, EO changes the way the National Institutes of Health NIH can support and conduct human stem cell research. The Secretary of Health and Human Services HHS , through the NIH Director, is required to review existing NIH and other widely-recognized guidelines on human stem cell research and issue new NIH guidance within days of the date of the EO…. Bibliography AAAS Policy Brief: Stem Cell Research. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Executive Summary. The National Institutes of Health resource for stem cell research. Register, Federal. Federal Register. Study of human embryonic stem cell will lead to major advances in human biology, specifically: Embryonic stem cell research will provide critical insights into mechanisms of cell differentiation, growth, and death Young, Understanding stem cells may provide keys to why people age Young, orks Cited Mitalipova, Maisam et. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Discarded Embryos AlphaMed Press. Morality of…. Works Cited Mitalipova, Maisam et. Morality of Stem Cells.. ppt Embryonic Stem Cells; an Introduction to Science ethics and Legislation..
ppt Mining Stem Cells.. Dimitrios Karussis and Ibrahim Kassis, in the article, "Use of Stem Cells for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis," conclude, "In the current review, the various types of stem cells, which were mainly studied in animal models, will be reviewed as a potential therapeutic approach for MS. The other diseases that are showing promise in treatments resulting from stem cells usage includes: as cancer, diabetes, osteopetrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, immune system disorders, blood disorders; the list goes on Diseases Treated by Cord lood, Conclusion Stem cells are a valuable weapon in the future treatment of disease and in….
Bibliography "Adult stem cell Plasticity and Transdifferentiation. html "Asymmetric Division of Stem Cells. html "Diseases Treated by Cord Blood. html Jessen, W. eferences Condic, M. What We Know about Embryonic Stem Cells. Patel, K. President Bush and Stem Cell Policy: The Politics of Policy Making. Pickrell, J. com news service. Bioethics and the Stem Cell esearch Debate. Stem Cell Basics. Stem Cell Information from the National Institute of Health, U. Department of Health and Human Services. Values Conflicts in Stem-Cell esearch: Governments Struggle with Bioethical Issues. Precursor cells are also known as pluripotent cells, i. References Condic, M. Bioethics and the Stem Cell Research Debate. Stem Cells ithout a doubt, one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse is stem cell research.
Indeed, one would be hard pressed to peruse the newspaper or magazine stand without encountering some reference to the global stem cell debate -- but what, exactly, are stem cells, and why are they so controversial? Stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords and embryos. The reason these cells are so valuable is because of their capability to produce or "become" other cell types -- for example, brain cells, heart cells, skin, etc. In short, these are "master cells," holding the ability to divide in cultures, and to be manipulated allowing it to transform into any type of cell.
Of course, this is extremely important due to the fact that scientists can use this capability to either create organs thereby helping to meet the tremendous…. Works Cited Hall, MiMi and Kiely, Kathy. July Retrieved from Web site on 15 March, Unfortunately, a tremendous amount of valuable research has been put on hold ever since the ban of federal funding for stem cell research. In the United States, the vast majority of medical research of all types that eventually lead to cures for disease are funded by the federal government. The federal ban on stem cell research does not completely prohibit it, but the effect is nearly the same, just as it would be if the federal government withdrew funding for cancer or diabetes research.
The main opposition to stem cell research comes from the Religious Right who believe that any form of research using fetal stem cells is wrong, because according to their religious views, every fertilized human egg should be considered as much a human being as any living person, even a microscopic zygote consisting of nothing more than four cells of human tissue. Certainly, the concept of religious…. However, we can immediately see that their purposes are distinct from one another. From a design standpoint, one grievance with Sanford Burnham is the shortage of active links to immediately usable information.
First and foremost, it is of note that in a page with several eye-catching graphics pertaining to particular site destinations the Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford Burnham's blog none of these photographs is used as an active link. This is a missed opportunity for site usability that may be perceived as being of marginal importance but in reality can have significant impact on how long a visitor remains on a site and how many pages said visitor is inclined to click-through. This is a shortcoming easily resolved but does impact the site's relative dynamism. The importance of such a matter is highlighted in a comparison between the two sites, with Research America ultimately compiling a site that is a…. The primary roles of adult stem cells in a living organism are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cell each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. Researchers tout the belief that a manipulation of stem cells can be beneficial in curing many diseases as well as helping in creating or developing new life, which could be part of the reason why such…. Works Cited Info Center. National Institute for Health, U. Department of Health and Human Services, www. defaultpage, Accessed November 13, Growth and development of the human body arises from the stem cell and is maintained by it. Although all cells can divide or copy themselves, stem cells are unique because they can replicate and create all other types of cells.
This ability of the stem cell to develop into any of the cell types that make up the human body makes it a powerful tool for biological research and medicine. Scientists believe that stem cell research has the potential of leading to previously incurable diseases. How are Stem Cells Formed? When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, a zygote fertilized egg is formed. The zygote divides itself almost immediately to form stem cells. These unspecialized stem cells have the ability to replicate to form other stem cells and to make all other specialized cells….
James Harper. html Research Issues. stem cells. It will consider the current moral discourse on the issue of stem cells and at the same time look at the basics or the foundation of stem cells themselves. How these cells can be utilized to conduct studies in cloning will be dwelt upon as well. The pertinent issue on the floor of the U. congress in the deliberations on stem cell studies on humans is how to handle embryonic stem cell research ESR , a kind of research that may generate crucial lifesaving therapies, which demands the damaging of embryos.
Present national government regulations and policy documents tackle this issue basically via the limits on federal funding allocated to ESR Aylesworth, The U. Department of Human Health Services is not permitted to spend any money on making human embryos for studies whereby the embryos will be damaged, thrown away, or intentionally be exposed to risks such as…. Scientists have been aware of the existence of these stem cells for many years but have only recently realized the potential medical applications of the cells. More than a decade ago, scientists discovered that if the normal connections between the early cellular progeny of the fertilized egg were disrupted, the cells would fall apart into a single cell progeny that could be maintained in a culture.
These dissociated cells, otherwise known as embryonic stem cell lines, continue to divide in culture, producing large numbers of cells at a fast pace. However, these early embryonic cells would lose the coordinated activity. Scientists quickly discovered that these cells retain the ability to generate a great number of mature cell types in culture if they are provided with appropriate molecular signals Reaves, Scientists have made significant progress in discovering these signals and are still working on it. hile it is a difficult…. Works Cited Colino, Stacey. Making Sense of Stem Cells. Prescott, Bonnie. Animal Study Find Embryonic Stem Cells Can Repair Heart Muscle. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Reaves, Jessica.
The Great Debate Over Stem Cell Research. Time Magazine. Recer, Paul. Study says stem cells have fewer mutations than previously thought. AP Online. One of Obama's campaign pledges was to allow deeper research -- including the use of federal research funds -- into the use of pluripotent stem cells in order to find solutions for some of the terrible diseases Americans suffer from. Among those medical problems is Parkinson Disease PD. This paper reviews and delves into the literature in terms of the potential of stem cell interventions into Parkinson Disease also called "Parkinson's Disease". ho is the leading authority on stem cell research? There is no one "leading authority" reflected in the literature; however there are renowned scientists that are considered pathfinders in this field.
Diane S. Krause, Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Associate Director of Stem Processing at Yale University is "…one of the discoverers of previously…. Works Cited Gallup Poll. Stem Cell Research. Gogel, S. Gubernator, M. Progress and prospects: stem cells and Neurological diseases. Gene Therapy, 18 1 , Krause, D. Plasticity of marrow-driven stem cells. Gene Therapy, 9 11 , Lo, Bernard, and Parham, Lindsay. Resolving Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Clinical. However, there would also need to be an extended period of longitudinal analysis of the effects of the therapy on the experimental group mice's health to see if the improvement continued and did not produce damaging side effects.
The MSCs in the liver therapy are not derived from human embryos and thus the objections to discarding human embryos are not a factor in the ethical discussion about the therapy. In fact, "the number of MSCs that can be obtained from a donor is significantly lower than the number needed for tissue regeneration. The main ethical objections to the use of MCSs revolve around the question of scientists' right to create new organs and the possible risks involved. The Japanese research team "relied on a 'cocktail' of so-called induced…. Works Cited "Mesenchymal stem cells MSCs. The authors did a comparison study of adults with acute leukemia. All these patients received a hematopoietic stem-cell HSC transplant from a donor that was unrelated to them.
The authors compared them to patients who received UCB instead of HSC. One of the important characteristics of UCB is that it does not have to match the donor, which makes it much more flexible in leukemia and other treatments. The study covered two groups of people. The authors note, "98 received cord blood and received bone marrow. The transplantations were performed from through and reported to Eurocord and the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group" ocha, V. They traced participants' ages, weights, level of severity of the disease, and other influences to discover what treatment worked best in treating adults with leukemia. They found that rates of mortality and relapse were very…. References Mauro, MJ. Stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: When should it be used?
Mayo Clin Proc. March; 81 3 Rocha, V. Transplants of umbilical-cord blood or bone marrow from unrelated donors in adults with acute leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine ; Tse, WW, SL Zang, KD Bunting and MJ Laughlin. Umbilical cord blood transplantation in adult myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplantation 41, -- Vago, L. Loss of mismatched HLA in leukemia after stem-cell transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. While freedom of religion absolutely guarantees the right to refrain from choosing to submit to stem cell-based treatment, the same freedoms and the concept of separation of church and state absolutely preclude religious beliefs about when life "begins" or about anything else from dictating laws that affect other people who may not share those particular beliefs Dershowitz, Beneficence and Non-malfeasance Certainly, both the concept of beneficence and non-malfeasance absolutely prohibit the use of fetal stem cells from any fetus that is sufficiently developed to be considered a "person" as well as from any fetus that is sufficiently developed to sense pain.
Medical authorities may debate where the exact point is where "personhood" first becomes an issue, but in principle, that characterization must be a function of objective criteria and never subjective beliefs of laypeople, especially based in religion Dershowitz, Both beneficence and the duty to avoid malfeasance prohibit…. Shouting Fire: Civil Liberties in a Turbulent Age. Levine, C. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Bioethical Issues. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw Hill. That is not to suggest that scientific criteria can necessarily pinpoint any specific instant or moment in time when a developing fetus can logically be considered a living human being, but only because such precision is impossible.
In principle, there is no doubt that medical science can identify the various stages of fetal development associated with the biological structures and processes that make us human. Likewise, they can identify the point where suffering becomes possible because neurological development produces the ability to perceive pain Levine,
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